Reference gene screening for Real-time quantitative PCR in Polygonum multiflorum / 中国中药杂志

To select suitable references gene of Polygonum multiflorum for gene expression analysis in different tissues, five candidate reference genes like Actin,GAPDH,SAND,PP2A,TIP41 were selected from the transcriptome data of P. multiflorum, then the specific primers were designed. The expression stability of the five reference genes in different tissues of P. multiflorum was analyzed by Real-time quantitative PCR through avilable analysis methods such as geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, Delta CT and RefFinder, to ensure the reliability of the analysis results. The results showed that there were significant differences in the expression levels and stability of candidate genes in different tissues of P. multiflorum. Ct distribution analysis of the expression levels of candidate genes showed that the expression levels of Actin and GAPDH genes were relatively high in different tissues, while the expression levels of SAND, PP2A and TIP41 were lower. The stability of each candidate gene was analyzed by different methods. The results of geNorm analysis showed that the expression of PP2A and GAPDH was the most stable, the expression stability of SAND was the worst, the stability of PP2A was the highest in both NormFinder and Delta CT, the stability of SAND was the lowest, and the stability of Actin was the most stable in BestKeeper analysis. Through the comprehensive evaluation and analysis of the stability of candidate genes by RefFinder, it is concluded that the stability of PP2A gene is the highest, followed by GAPDH, Actin, TIP41, SAND, and SAND gene is the worst. Therefore, the PP2A gene is an ideal reference gene for the analysis of gene expression in different tissues of P. multiflorum.

Cloning and characterization of two rhamnose synthases from Sorbus aucuparia / 药学学报

Rhamnose synthase (RHM) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of uridine diphosphate rhamnose (UDP-Rha), reversibly converting uridine diphosphate-glucose (UDP-Glc) into UDP-Rha in the presence of NADH or NADPH. In this research, yeast extract (YE) was used to stimulate Sorbus aucuparia suspension cells. Based on a previous study of the transcriptome database of S. aucuparia suspension cells, two RHMs were cloned from S. aucuparia and named SaRHM1 (GenBank No.: MK213340) and SaRHM2 (GenBank No.: MK213341). The SaRHM1 gene contained a 2 007 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide of 668 amino acids with a molecular weight of 75.25 kD, and a theoretical isoelectric point (pI) of 7.24. The SaRHM2 gene contained a 2 040 bp ORF encoding a polypeptide of 679 amino acids with a molecular weight of 76.26 kD and pI of 6.41. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that SaRHM1 and SaRHM2 contained two special sequences of GxxGxxG/A and YxxxK. Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic trees show that SaRHM1 and SaRHM2 have high sequence similarity with other plant species of RHMs. The results of enzyme activity assays in vitro revealed that both recombinant SaRHM1 and SaRHM2 are able to convert UDP-Glc into UDP-Rha. SaRHMs displayed maximum activity at 40 ℃ and a pH of 8 and 9, respectively. The Km values of SaRHM1 and SaRHM2 for UDP-Glc were 212.4 ± 56.70 and 361.0 ± 63.74 μmol·L-1, respectively, with Vmax values of 235.5 ± 18.98 and 516.5 ± 22.30 nmol·min-1·μg-1, respectively. This study reports the cloning and sequencing of RHMs from S. aucuparia and verifies their function, which likely provide rhamnose donors for the subsequent biosynthesis of rhamnosides.

Screening of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and its effect on seed germination of Polygonum multiflorum / 中国中药杂志

In this study, the rhizobacteria and actinomycetes of Polygonum multiflorum were screened for the strains with indole acetic acid(IAA)-producing capacity by Salkowski method, the siderophore-producing strains by Chrome Azurol S(CAS) assay, and the strains with inorganic phosphorus-solubilizing capacity by PKO inorganic phosphorus medium. The strains were identified by morphological identification, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and 16 S rDNA sequences. Furthermore, the effect of growth-promoting strains on the seed germination and development of P. multiflorum was tested. The results showed that among 196 strains, two strains F17 and F42 were found to be capable of producing IAA and siderophore and solubilizing inorganic phosphorus simulta-neously. For F17 and F42, the results are listed below: 38.65 and 33.64 mg·L~(-1) for IAA production, 0.85 and 0.49 for siderophore-producing capacities(A_s/A_r), and 1.35 and 1.70 for inorganic phosphorus-solubilizing capacities(D/d), respectively. Comprehensive analysis revealed that strains F17 and F42 were identified as Pseudochrobactrum asacharolyticum and Bacillus aryabhattai, respectively, and both could significantly promote the seed germination of P. multiflorum.

Extraction and separation, structure analysis and biological activity of polysaccharides from Atractylodis Rhizoma / 中国中药杂志

Atractylodis Rhizoma(AR) is a traditional Chinese medicinal material for food and medicine, with the functions of eli-minating dampness, strengthening the spleen, expelling wind evil and dispersing cold. AR contains a variety of compounds, including sesquiterpenoids, alkynes, triterpenoids, aromatic glycosides, polysaccharides and so on. At present, the researches on AR mainly focus on volatile components, with relatively fewer researches on non-volatile components. Polysaccharide from Atractylodis Rhizoma(ARP) is an important material basis among non-volatile components for the efficacy. Due to its many biological activities such as immunomodulatory activity, anti-tumors, anti-virus and anti-oxidation, ARP has certain research value and potential. The diversity of the polysaccharide structure is the basis for biological functions, but it also increases the difficulty of carbohydrate research. The research on the extraction, separation, purification, structure and activity of ARP is in the preliminary exploration stage, still with many shortcomings. Herein, recent advancements in the extraction, purification, structural characteristics and biological activities of ARP were summarized in this article to provide scientific reference for the in-depth systematic research of ARP and the development of AR resources.

Preliminary study on memory function of Sorbus aucuparia suspension cell to biotic stress / 中国中药杂志

Plants have a memory function for the environmental stress they have suffered. When they are subjected to repeated environmental stress, they can quickly and better activate the response and adaptation mechanism to environmental stress, thus realizing long-term stable reproduction. However, most of the relevant studies are applied to crops and Arabidopsis thaliana rather than medicinal plants about the improvement of plant growth status and the effect on phytoalexin biosynthesis. In this study, yeast extract(YE) was used as an elicitor to simulate biotic stress, and the changes in biomass and the content of some secondary metabolites were measured by giving repeated stresses to Sorbus aucuparia suspension cell(SASC). The results showed that the accumulation levels of biomass and some secondary metabolites in SASC subjected to repeated stress are significantly increased at some time points compared with single stress. A phenomenon that SASC can memorize biotic stress is confirmed in this study and influences phytoalexin accumulation in SASC. Furthermore, the work laid the groundwork for research into the transgenerational stress memory mechanism of medicinal plant.

Strategies for medicinal plants adapting environmental stress and "simulative habitat cultivation" of Dao-di herbs / 中国中药杂志

This paper analyzed life form, habitats and environmental stresses of medicinal plants and algal fungi collected in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2015). ①It was found that only 0.94% of the medicinal plants mainly cultivated in field. The most common habitats of medicinal plants are divided into two types: those whose natural habitats are forest margins/undergrowth(about 42.53%) and those whose natural habitats are roadside, hillside, wasteland/sand(about 43.78%). The former mainly faces environmental stresses such as weak light, pests and diseases; the latter often faces the main environmental stresses of drought, strong light, ultraviolet radiation, high temperature, low temperature(day and night or annual temperature difference is large), nutrient deficiency, pests and so on. ②Based on analyzing the strategies of medicinal plants to adapt to environmental stresses, it is pointed out that the synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites are the most important strategies of medicinal plants to protect against environmental stresses. In the process of long-term adaptation to specific stress, the accumulation of relevant genetic variation and epigenetic inheritance has become an important condition for the formation of quality of medicinal plants. ③It is proposed that "simulative habitat cultivation" has obvious advantages in balancing growth and secondary metabolism and guaranting the quality of traditional Chinese medicinal materials.

Land use strategy of ecological agriculture of Chinese materia medica in future development / 中国中药杂志

With the rapid development of comprehensive health industry, the demand for Chinese medicinal materials is increasing. There is also a growing demand for land for the cultivation of Chinese medicinal materials.Based on the analysis of the demand characteristics of planting habitats for Chinese medicinal herbs, this paper finds that compared with the cultivated environment, the wild environment is more conducive to the improvement of the quality and stress resistance of medicinal plants. The eco-planting for Chinese medicinal materials is the only way to achieve high quality, efficient and sustainable production of traditional Chinese medicine. Therefore, according to the habitat distribution characteristics of wild medicinal plants, combined with the current situation of land resource utilization in China and the increasing demand for land for Chinese herbal medicine cultivation, the land use strategy of Chinese herbal medicine ecological agriculture was proposed. ① To vigorously develop underwood planting and change the existing field cultivation mode. ② To make full use of mountainous areas and barren slopes to carry out wild planta tending or planting imitates wild condition. ③ According to the development law and biological characteristics of medicinal plants, the land resources should be developed and used rationally according to local conditions.This can not only meet the requirements of the specific growth environment of Chinese medicinal materials, realize the sustainable development of the Chinese medicinal materials industry, but also increase the economic income of people in mountainous areas, provide scientific and effective solutions for the land use of Chinese medicinal materials, and also have important significance for the protection of wild Chinese medicinal materials.

Analysis of bacteria distribution characteristics in different layers of agarwood based on Hiseq sequencing / 中国中药杂志

To explore the diversity of bacterial community structure between different layers of agarwood, Hiseq(high-throughput sequencing) was used to analyze the bacterial community structure of samples from different layers of agarwood. Our results showed that 1 150 096 optimized sequences and 9 690 OTUs were obtained from 15 samples of 5 layers of agarwood, which belonged to 28 bacterial phyla, 61 classes, 110 orders, 212 families and 384 genera. Further analysis revealed that the normal layer(NL) had the lowest bacterial species richness and the smallest number of OTUs. And the total number of OTUs of the agarwood layer(AL) and NL was zero, which was quite different.At the same time, there were significant differences in bacterial community structure and species diversity between NL and the other four layers. While there were some common dominant bacterial genera in both transition layer(TL) and NL. The similarity of bacterial distribution in 4 non-NL layers was relatively high, which had four common genera, such as Acidibacter, Bradyrhizobium, Acidothemus and Sphingomonas. While Acidibacter, Bradyrhizobium and Acidothemus were the dominant bacterial genus of DA and AL, and all of these layers contained volatile oil. In addition, the Bradyrhizobium was the most abundant in agarwood layer. Our results showed that bacterial community diversity and abundance were decreasing from DL to AL, and different layers showed significant differences in bacterial enrichment. It provided the clues to investigate how bacteria participate in the formation of agarwood.

Effect of Polygonum multiflorum-Andrographis paniculata intercropping system on rhizosphere soil actinomycetes community structure and diversity of P. multiflorum / 中国中药杂志

To investigate the effect of Polygonum multiflorum-Andrographis paniculata intercropping system on rhizosphere soil actinomycetes of P. multiflorum, the community structure and diversity of soil actinomycetes were studied by using the original soil as the control group and the rhizosphere soil actinomycetes communities of P. multiflorum under monoculture and intercropping systems as the experimental group. In this study 655 221 effective sequences were obtained with an average length of 408 bp. OTU coverage and rarefaction curve showed that the sequencing could represent the real situation of soil actinomycetes. According to the results of alpha diversity analysis, the diversity soil actinomycetes varied as follows: original soil>intercropping soil>monoculture soil. The soil actinomycetes community structure and the relative abundance of dominant genera were significantly changed by both monoculture and intercropping, especially monoculture. OTU clustering and PCA analysis of soil samples showed that all the soil samples were divided into three distinct groups and the original soil was more similar to intercropping soil. In addition, intercropping increased the relative abundance of some beneficial actinomyces, such as Kitasatospora and Mycobacterium, which was beneficial to maintain soil health and reduce the occurrence of soil-borne diseases. The results show that, P. multiflorum-A. paniculata intercropping reduced the change of community structure and the decrease of diversity of soil actinomycetes caused by P. multiflorum monoculture, and made the actinomycete community in rhizosphere soil of P. multiflorum close to the original soil.

Identification of Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis Infected with Citrus Huanglongbing / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To analyze and compare different samples in many aspects to identify Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis infected with Huanglongbing(HLB) timely and accurately, in order to prevent and control the disease in time. Method::HLB was identified through character analysis, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR), enzyme digestion reaction and Real-time PCR. Result::In terms of characters, there were typically variegated yellow leaves and relatively small fruit, even with deformity but without " red nose fruit" among C. medica var. sarcodactylis infected with HLB. All of these can be used as the basis for the preliminary identification of HLB in the fields. According to the RT-PCR test results and enzyme digestion reaction, when the primer was OI1/OI2c, there was specific band of 1 160 bp, which could be cut into 520 bp and 640 bp by Xba I enzyme. These results were consistent with the characters of other citrus plants infected with HLB. According to the Real-time PCR detection results, C. medica var. sarcodactylis infected with HLB had amplification curves and dissolved peaks, with the melting temperature was 82 ℃ and Ct between 24.6 to 28.2, while the normal plants were not amplified. Conclusion::Character analysis can be used to roughly distinguish HLB in the fields, but with a certain subjectivity. RT-PCR or Real-time PCR can be used to identify C. medica var.sarcodactylis infected with HLB in a timely and accurate manner, and qPCR detection is more sensitive and quantitative. Through the combination of character analysis and molecular identification, C. medica var.sarcodactylis infected with HLB can be determined more timely and accurately.

Cloning and characterization of UDP-L-rhamnose synthase 1/2 from Fallopia multiflora / 药学学报

UDP-rhamnose is a rhamnose donor in a reaction catalyzed by UDP-rhamnose synthase (RHM), and plays an important role in the biosynthesis of rhamnoside compounds. The current literature suggests that there are only a few genes can encode the corresponding enzymes to participate in UDP-rhamnose biosynthesis in plants. In this study, two RHM genes (FmRHM1 & 2) were first cloned by using the transcriptomic data of Fallopia multiflora (Thunb) Harald and the multidimensional analysis, including bioinformatics, functional identification in vitro and tissue-specific expression analysis. The results showed that the open reading frame (ORF) of FmRHM1 & 2 genes both were 2 013 bp, encode proteins consisting of 670 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 75.6 kDa, and the theoretical isoelectric points of 6.20 and 7.19, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis also indicated that FmRHM1 & 2 contained 2 special sequences of GxxGxxG/A and YxxxK. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the FmRHM gene has a high homology with RHM of other species. The results of enzyme activity in vitro revealed that both recombinant FmRHM1 and FmRHM2 have catalytic activities for converting UDP-glucose into UDP-rhamnose. Measurements of tissue-specific expressions showed that the expression levels of FmRHM1 and FmRHM2 were lower in roots. On the contrary, the 2 genes showed significantly high expression in the stems and leaves. In conclusion, we have cloned and characterized the RHM gene function for the first time in F. multiflora. Here we have provided the preliminary data suggesting the need for further research on UDP-rhamnose biosynthesis by microorganisms.

Full-length Cloning and Protein Expression Analysis of Glycosyltransferases Gene SaUGT1/SaUGT2 in Sorbus aucuparia / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: To obtain the glycosyltransferase gene involved in modification reaction of phytoalexin from Sorbus pohuashanensis suspension cell,and conduct sequence analysis and prokaryotic expression analysis. Method: Based on the transcriptome data,specific primers were designed to obtain 2 cDNA sequences of SaUGTs genes,construct prokaryotic expression vector HIS-MBP-pET28a-SaUGTs and induce the expression of recombinant SaUGTs protein. Result: SaUGT1 and SaUGT2 sequences were cloned and obtained from glycosyltransferases,then bioinformatic analysis of the sequence and prokaryotic expression analysis were conducted. SaUGT1 gene contained 1 458 bp open reading frame (ORF),encoding a polypeptide of 485 amino acids,with a relative molecular weight of 54.27 kDa and theoretical isoelectric point (pI) of 5.50.SaUGT2 gene contained 1 431 bp ORF,encoding a polypeptide of 476 amino acids,with a relative molecular weight of 53.49 kDa and theoretical pI of 5.63. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that SaUGT1 and SaUGT2 protein had no signal peptide,and the conserved domains of glycosyltransferase family were detected. Phylogenetic results showed that SaUGT1 and SaUGT2 proteins had the closest relationship with the UGT85 family of A. thaliana. Differential expression analysis revealed that the relative expression levels of SaUGT1 and SaUGT2 were increased significantly after being induced by yeast extract (YE), with the highest expression level found at 24 h and 12 h. The recombinant SaUGT1 and SaUGT2 proteins were successfully expressed in Escherichia coli DE3 cells and finally,the recombinant SaUGT1 and SaUGT2 proteins were purified through Ni2+ affinity chromatography. Conclusion: The glycosyltransferase gene was cloned from the S. aucuparia for the first time,and the prokaryotic expression vector was successfully constructed,laying foundation for further study of the function of this gene.

Chemical Compositions and Pharmacological Activities of Polygoni Multiflori Radix / 中国实验方剂学杂志

As a common tonic traditional Chinese medical herb,Polygoni Multiflori Radix has been extensively applied in clinic. In recent years,there have been many literatures related to Polygoni Multiflori Radix. By reviewing the literatures in domestic and foreign,the latest progress on chemical components and pharmacology of Polygoni Multiflori Radix have been summarized and analyzed. At present,more than 133 kinds of compounds have been isolated from Polygoni Multiflori Radix, such as stilbene glycosides,terpenoids,flavonoids,phospholipids and phenylpropanoids. Among them, stilbene dimer and dianthrone glycosides are two kind of new compounds recently isolated from it. The current researches about the pharmacological effect of Polygoni Multiflori Radix focus on anti-oxidative,anti-tumor,anti-atherosclerosis and neuro-protective effects,with potentials in treating neurodegenerative diseases, preventing and treating arterial and reducing blood sugar. Its medicinal ingredients mainly include stilbene glycosides,terpenoids and flavonoids,in which 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxysilbene 2-O-glucopyranoside shows a variety of biological activities. However,there are a few studies on the pharmacological activities of other compounds. Therefore,to ensure the further development and utilization of Polygoni Multiflori Radix,it is suggested to conduct a more in-depth and comprehensive research on the material basis of its efficacy.

Research Advances in Sorbus Plants / 中国实验方剂学杂志

The chemical constituents of plants from the genus Sorbus are mainly flavonoids,biphenyls,terpenoids and organic acids.Pharmacological researches proved that the chemical components isolated from Sorbus plants has antitussive,relieving asthma,antibacterial and antioxidant effect.Moreover,the Sorbus plants were used as landscape trees.There is a bright developing prospect about Sorbus plants.In this review,we give an overview of the significant progress and the latest findings made in Sorbus plants,such as the stress response,chemical compositions,pharmacological activities and the propagation technology.The results including as following:①more evidences are needed for species identification of Sorbus,②the researches about Sorbus plants is focused on only a few species(S. alnifolia,S. amabilis,S. pohuashanensis,S. tianschanica,S. aucuparin),③the existing researches centre upon chemical composition analysis and propagation and cultivation;the formation and mechanism of active components are rarely reported.Thus,the research of Sorbus plants is still in the early period,and this review paper will provide theoretical basis and reference for further research of Sorbus plants.

Research and application progress of Lepidium meyenii（maca） / 中国中药杂志

Lepidium meyenii（maca）was a herbaceous plant of the family Cruciferae. It is native to the andes region of South America where the local people had been growing and consuming maca for centuries. The unique chemical composition and physiological function of maca were widely concerned worldwide. It was introduced to China in 2002, and were cultivated successfully in Yunnan, Tibet, Sichuan, Jilin and other places with a certain size. Maca contained not only rich nutrition such as protein, vitamin and mineral matter, but also lots of secondary metabolites as maca alkaloids, glucosinolates, volatile oils, sterols polyphenols and macaenes. Numerous studies suggested that maca may serve effects in resisting oxidation, fatigue resistance, raising fertility, regulating endocrine, enhancing immunity, tumour suppression, treating osteoporosis, regulate blood sugar and protection of nervous system. Maca was approved by the Ministry of Health as a new resource food in 2011, and its related products include food, health foods, cosmetics, etc. Certain exploratory researches were carried to take better advantage of maca's medicinal value. This paper briefly reviewed the research and application progress of maca in recent years from the aspects of botany, chemical composition, function, resources situation and related products development, which was supposed to provide reference for scientific research and utilization of maca.

Jasmonate signal pathway involved in phytoalexin biosynthesis in Sorbus aucuparia cell elicited by Hpa1 / 中国中药杂志

The Harpin protein Hpa1 can induce defense responses in plant. This study aimed at investigating the role of jasmonate (JA) signal pathway in the process of biosynthesis of secondary metabolite in Sorbus aucuparia cell eliciting by Hpa1 crude extract (Hpa1 CE). The results showed that Hpa1 crude extract (Hpa1 CE) could induce phytoalexin synthesis in S. aucuparia cell， most of which was noraucuparin and its glycosides. Meanwhile Hpa1 CE treatment resulted in methyl jasmonate (MeJA) production increased and noraucuparin was de novo synthesized in large quantities. Combination of Hpa1 CE and salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM, JA signaling inhibitor) caused the decreased MeJA and noraucuparin in the S. aucuparia cell compared with that in Hpa1 CE group. Real-time PCR results indicated that Hpa1 CE treatment caused down-regulation of JAZ and up-regulation of mcy2 in transcription level. Therefore Hpa1 CE elicited defense mechanism and JA signaling pathway involved in phytoalexin biosynthesis in S. aucuparia cell. It presented information to elucidate the role of JA signal pathway in stress response in the perspective of secondary metabolism of plant.

Application and prospect of scientific photography in study of Chinese materia medica / 中草药

Scientific photography has been practiced in many aspects of Chinese materia medica for different levels of purposes. The images obtained from scientific photography were objective, accurate and detailed that can scientifically display the micro-morphological characteristics of medicinal plants. So that it can be further used for accurate description of morphological features, species identification, and systematic study of medicinal plants. But, there are fewer reports about the systematic and extensive application of scientific photography. In this paper, the concept, characteristics, and classification of the scientific photography have been discussed in detail. In particular, we also introduced how to solve the problem of small depth in scientific photography through depth synthesis technology for the first time. Based on these, we further elaborated and demonstrated this new technology with the examples of photography of organs of medicinal plants, to broaden the application scope of scientific photography in the field of Chinese materia medica research.

Ecological agriculture: future of agriculture for Chinese material medica / 中国中药杂志

The ecological agriculture of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is generally acknowledged as the most advanced agricultural mode. However, it's still a doubt whether ecological agriculture could be widely applied in TCM agriculture. In this study, we first analyze both the differences and relationships between ecological and organic agriculture, which suggesting that ecological agriculture does not need all the inputs as traditional agriculture. After introducing the situation of ecological agriculture from all across the world, we analyze the differences and characteristics between ecological and chemical agricultures. Considered with the big challenge caused by chemical agriculture, we pointed out that ecological agriculture could definitely replace chemical agriculture. Last but not the least, combined with the situation and problems of Chinese agriculture, we analyze the distinctive advantages of TCM ecological agriculture from 3 aspects as its unique quality characteristics, its unique habitat requirements in production and its unique application and market characteristics, respectively. In conclusion, ecological agriculture is the straight way of TCM agriculture.

Discussion on present situation of study on pesticide residues in Chinese herbal medicines / 中国中药杂志

Pesticide residues in traditional Chinese medicine has attracted widespread attention at home and abroad. This paper analyzed the pollution present situation and existing problems of pesticide residue for Chinese herbal medicines, explicited the analytical methods of pesticide residues in Chinese herbal medicines. Meanwhile, the commonly used pesticide residue degradation and application in Chinese herbal medicines were discussed. Moreover, on the basis of analysis of pesticide residue standards, this paper proposed the necessity and urgency of the limit standard of pesticide residues in Chinese herbal medicines, and provided a scientific references for deepening research and developing safe, green medicines.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase genes of Artemisia annua and their expression analysis under Cadmium stress / 中国中药杂志

In order to study Artemisia annua under cadmium stress, whether there are corresponding MAPK genes involved in transduction of the cadmium signal. 17 AaMAPK genes, named AaMAPK1-AaMAPK17 repectively, were finally obtained by using Trinity method for de novo assembly of transcripts from SRA database and BLAST search against AtMAPK genes and determing conserved domain using a series of bioinformatics tools. There exist 16 MAPK genes contained T[D/E]Y conserved domains among the obtained genes. The expressions of these genes were analyzed by Real-time PCR under cadmium stress. The results showed that the expressions level of AaMAPK3 and AaMAPK10 were down-regulated and MAPK7, MAPK9 and MAPK12 were up-regulated. These indicated that there exist corresponding MAPK genes involved in transduction of the cadmium signal.